Survey Engineering Subjective Nepali PSC syllabus

 

1.1 Introduction    The art of Determining the relative position of an object on the surface of the earth, by taking measurements in the horizontal & vertical planes is known as Surveying. Surveying is Primarily divided into two classes a.    Plane Surveying b.    Geodetic Surveying Base Plane Surveying Geodetic Surveying   The curvature of the Earth Is not taken into Consideration Is taken into Consideration Extend Over a small area ( Less than 250 sq.km) Over a large area (More than 250 Sq.km). Accuracy The degree of accuracy is comparatively low The degree of accuracy is comparatively high/great. Note: In-plane Surveying the difference in length between the arc and the subtended chord for any two point in the surface of the earth is only about 0.1m for a distance of 18.2km, 0.3m for 54.3km and 0.5 for 91km.   2. General Classification of Surveys The Survey may be classified as the following 4 different ways 1.    Instrumental Used   Chain Survey, Compass Survey, Plane table survey, theodolite Survey, etc. 2.    Purposes of Survey   Mine Survey, Geological Survey, archaeological survey & Military survey, etc. 3.    Method of Employed   Triangulation Survey & Traverse Survey 4.    Place of Work   Land survey, Hydrological Survey (marine) & Aerial Survey

Land Survey is Further Classified as the Following 4 different ways ·       Topographical survey ·       Cadastral survey ·       City survey      ·       Engineering Survey

1.    Topographical Survey It is carried out for determining natural features of the country such as hill, valleys, mountains, forest, river etc. 2.    Cadastral Survey It is carried out to fix the property line (Boundary Line) of Personal, Municipality, Country etc. 3.    City Survey It is done for the construction of street, water supply system sewer line small road etc.  with in a city. 4.    Hydrographical survey It deals with the mapping of large water bodies for the purpose of navigation (bandargaaha) construction of harbor, and determination of mean sea level. It is also known as Marine survey. 5.    Astronomical survey It determines the absolute location & absolute direction of heavenly bodies like the sun and moon. 6.    Control Survey Establishing the horizontal & vertical positions of widely spaced control points using principles of geodetic surveying. 7.    Geological Survey Determining different strata inside the crust. Geologists will be doing this survey.

Contour in Surveying

 

 

An imaginary line, on the ground, joining the point of equal elevation above the assumed datum, is called contour.

            

Contour interval

·       The vertical distance between two consecutive contours is known as contour interval.

·       Number of contour line are more in hill as compared to the plains or same contour interval.

·       It depends upon SANAPA

·       Where, S= scale of map, A= Availability of time and fund, N= Nature of ground, E= extend of survey, P= purpose of map and A= amount of permissible error.

·       Contour interval= 20/No of centimeter per km

                            = 50/No of inches per mile

Contour gradient

·       The imaginary line lying throughout on the surface of the earth and preserving a constant inclination to the horizontal.

·       It is either rising gradient or falling gradient.

Horizontal Equivalent

·        The minimum horizontal distance between two consecutive contours.

·        Numerical value of horizontal equivalent in hill is less as compared to the plains.

Interpolation of contours

·        Process of drawing contours proportionately between the plotted ground point or between plotted contours.

Method of contouring

1.    Direct method

2.    Indirect method

1. Direct method:-

·        The contour to be plotted is actually traced on the ground only those point are surveyed which happened to be plotted.

·        This method is slow and tedious.

·        It is generally used for small area and where great accuracy is required.

2. Indirect Method:-

This have three type

1.      By squire :- for low undulating area

2.      By cross section: for road cannel, railway e t c

3.      By tachometric: for high undulating area.

 

 

Uses of contour

·       Drawing of the section

·       Selection and location  of  road

·       Determination of inter-visibility between two points.

·       Measurement of catchment area.

·       Calculation of reservoir capacity.

 

 

#Curve

·       A curve may be defined as the regular curve path. The curve may be circular, parabolic spherical and is always tangential to the straight direction and its end.

·       Arc:- two dimension

·       Arch:- three dimension

·       Chord: joining two point of curve

 

Classification of the curve

S.N	Horizontal curve	Vertical curve
1	Circular curve	Summit curve
	Simple circular curve Compound curve Reverse curve
2	Transition curve	Valley curve

 

Simple circular curve:

·       The curve which consists of a single circular arc as simple circular curve or simple curve.

·       It is tangential to both straight portion.

Fig.

Compound Curve:

·       A curve consists of two or more arc of different circle with different radii (radius), have in different center but laying on the same side of the common tangent and which bend in the same direction is called compound curve.

·       Doesn’t used in Railway Track.

Reverse curve:

·       A curve which consists of two arc of different circle of same or different radii (radius) but center of an arc on opposite side is known as reverse curve.

Transition curve:

·       A curve of varying radius introduce between straight and circular curve is known as transition curve.

·       It provide to reduce effect of centrifugal force of moving vehicle.

·       Its ra

·       Provided in circular curve and straight portion.

·        Rtc=0/ infinity at the junction of straight and transition curve, ending point transition curve or starting in circular Rtc=Rcc, where Rtc= radius of transition curve Rcc= Radius of circular curve.

Element of curve:

 

·       Tangent distance = R Tan Del/2.

·       External distance/ Apex distance = R (sec del/2-1)

·       Length of curve = pi R del/180

·       Mid ordinate = R (1-cos del/2)

·       Long cord = 2 R sin del/2

Normal chord:

·       The chord between the successive regular peg on the curve is  known as Normal Chord

Sub chord:

·       When the chord is shorter than normal chord is known as.

·       Sub chord generally occurs at the beginning and at the end of curve

Degree of curve

·       It may be defined as the central angle of the curve that is substended by an arc of 30m

·       Degree of curve = 1718.9/ R or 1720/R (if length is not given this prefer).

·       If arc is 20 meter than degree of curve = 1146/R

 

Chain Survey

·       In chain surveying only linear measurements are taken.

·       The main principle of chain surveying triangulation. The triangle should be equilaterals.

·       Well conditional triangle 30 degree to 120 degree. Ill-conditional triangle less than 30 degree and greater than 120 degree.

·       The triangle should not have any angle smaller than 30 degree and greater than 120 degree is known as well conditional triangle. Otherwise Ill conditional triangle.

 

Suitability	Unsuitability
·       Small area ·       Fairly level ground ·       Open area	·       Large area ·       Undulating, broken and steep. ·       Congested area like forest city town etc.

 

Important points

Base line:

·       The longest line in whole survey area of main survey line is called.

·       Various survey station are plotted with reference to the base line.

·       Normally it is measured with chain

Check line

·       The line which run in the field to check accuracy of field work.

·       It is also known as proof line.

·       Each triangle must have check line.

Tie line

·       Distance between chain lines to site is known as offset line.

·       The line joining the two subsidiary station on main chain line is called.

·       The main purpose of tie line is to reduces or avoid the long offsets from the main chain line

·       It also used for the accuracy of work.

·       To locate interior details which are far apart from a main chain line.

Important Note

·       The points where two sides of main triangle meet is called main survey stations.

·       The line joining the main survey station is called main survey line.

·       The stations which are selected on main survey line is called tie stations/ subsidiary stations.

·       Main stations are plotted by Small triangle with capital letter.

·       Tie stations are plotted by small circle with small letter.

Offsets

·       Lateral measurement for locating the position of details.

·       Two types of lateral measurement

1. Perpendicular offset:

·       Offset are right angle to the survey line

2. Oblique offset

·       The measurement which are not made right angle but is inclined is called.

·       If the length of offset is less than 15 m are called short otherwise long offset.

·       Offset is not greater than 20m

Obstacles in chaining

S.N.	Condition	Example
1	Obstacle in ranging but not chaining	Hill rock
2	Obstacle in chaining but not ranging	River and pond
3	Obstacle in both ranging and chaining	Tall building

 

Right angle instruments

Cross staff:

1.    Open cross staff:- used for  measuring 90 degree

2.    Adjustable cross staff:- used for measuring 90 degree

3.    French cross staff: - used for measuring 45 and 90 degree.

Optical squire

·       More accurate than cross staff

·       Generally used for measuring long offset

·       It is based on the double reflections.

·       Principle of optical squire reflection.

 

1.    In chain surveying accuracy depends upon the follower.

2.    Accuracy of measurement in plotting up-to 0.25 mm to that of measurement (1 in 250)

3.    Permissible error in chain survey is 1 in 250.

Compass Survey   

·       Measured direction of survey line by means of compass and distance are measured by tape or chain.

·       This survey is suitable for those where the magnetic effect is least or none.

Difference between prismatic compass and surveyor compass

Prismatic compass	Surveyor compass
·       Fig ·       Inverted 0-360 degree 0 degree at South end and clockwise. ·       Whole circle bearing system ·       Tripod is not essential	·       Fig ·       Erect 0-90 degree, 0 degree at both North and south pole ·       Reduced/qudrantal bearing system ·       Tripods is very essential

 

Whole circle bearing and reduced bearing

Whole circle bearing	Reduced bearing
·       Always measured from North pole ·       Running clockwise direction. ·       Fig	·       Measured from North and South Pole. ·       Either clockwise or Anti clockwise whatever. ·       N angle E,N angle W and S angle , S angle W ·       Fig

 

Fore Bearing and Back Bearing

Note BB=FB +_ 180 degree when FB is less than 180 Degree than plus sign is used and when it exceed 180 degree negative sign is used.

Fore Bearing	Back Bearing
·       Bearing in the direction of the progress of survey work is called. ·	·       Bearing in the opposite direction of survey work is called. ·

 

Terms used in compass surveying

1. Magnetic compass:

·       The samaller horizontal angle between TM and MM is called.

·       TB=MB+_  Declination

·       If + is East

·       If _ is west

2. Azimuth

·       The smaller horizontal angle between TM and survey line

3. True bearing

·       If the bearing of any survey line is measured from true meridian is called true bearing.

4. Magnetic bearing

·       If the bearing of the any survey line is measured from MM is called MB.

5. Deep

·       It is the inclination between the longitudinal axis of magnetic needle and the horizontal plane through its pivot.

·       It is vertical angle whose value vary from place to place.

·       It is zero at equator and 90 degree at pole

Temporary adjustment of compass

·       Centering

·       Levelling

·       Focusing the prism

Types of line in compass

·       Agonic line: the line joining the point of Zero declination is called.

·       Isogonic line: the line joining the points of equal declination is  called

·       Isoclinic line : the line joining the equal deep is called

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Estimate about Building Footing

Estimating the footing of a building involves determining the size and depth of the foundation needed to support the structure. 

 

 

 

 

1. Analyze the soil: Soil conditions play a crucial role in determining the type and size of the footing required. 

2.Select the foundation type: Based on the soil analysis and building loads, choose the most suitable foundation type. 

3. Calculate the footing size: Once you have determined the foundation type, you can calculate the size of the footing. 

4. Determine the footing depth: The depth of the footing depends on the local frost depth, soil conditions, and the presence of any expansive soils.

PGA Championship || Continue for Adam Scott at Oak Hill

Scott was cruising until an unfortunate double bogey on his closing hole. Still, he’s tied for sixth at the end of the first day. Eric Cole leads at 5 under. Play was called at 8:30 p.m. ET due to darkness after a near two-hour frost delay in the morning. Scott, 42, sits first in strokes gained off the tee at the end of Thursday and leaned on his impressive driving of the golf ball to put in a steady performance until the very end. Scott birdied Nos. 3, 6 and 8 on his front nine before adding two more on Nos. 10 and the short par-4 14th. The last time the PGA Championship was at Oak Hill was the last time Scott held the first-round lead or co-lead in a major. He was in the mix through most of Thursday before his ill-timed closing-hole adventure. Scott has had a steady if unspectacular season on the PGA TOUR. He hasn’t missed a cut but has just two top-10 finishes. However, those two top-10s have come in his last two events – the Wells Fargo Championship and the ATAT&Tson. Scott has had 10 top-10 finishes at majors since his green jacket triumph in 2013, but none since 2019. He’s missed the cut at the last two PGA Championships.

Define Estimate

An estimate refers to an approximate calculation or assessment of a particular value, quantity, or outcome. It is an educated guess or a rough approximation based on available information and assumptions. Estimates are commonly used in various fields, such as business, finance, construction, engineering, and project management, to forecast costs, timelines, revenues, or other relevant factors. Estimates are typically derived from historical data, expert opinions, statistical models, or a combination of these methods. While estimates are not precise measurements, they serve as valuable tools for planning, decision-making, and evaluating feasibility. It is important to note that estimates can vary in accuracy, and they are subject to revision as new information becomes available.

Invitation for Bids-Division Forest Office Sindhupalchok invites electronic bids from eligible bidders for the construction of Construction of Subdivision Forest Office Nawalpur at Nawalpur, Sindhupalchok under National Competitive Bidding

nvitation for Bids null Division Forest Office Sindhupalchok Date of publication: 28-02-2023 00:00 1.

– Single Stage Two Envelope Bidding procedures. Only eligible bidders with the following key qualifications should participate in this bidding: Minimum Average Annual Construction Turnover of the best 3 years within the last 10 years: Minimum Average Annual Construction Turnover of the best 3 years within the last 10 years: Nrs. 3,00,00,000.00 (NRs. Three Crore Only) Minimum Work experience of similar size and nature: Participation as Prime contractor, management contractor, or subcontractor, in at least One (1) Contract of RCC Building within the last ten (10) years, with a value of at least NRs 1,00,00,000.00 (NRs. One Crore Only) that has been successfully or are substantially completed and that are similar to the proposed works. The similarity shall be based on the physical size, complexity, methods, technology, or other characteristics as described in Section VI, Works Requirements. 2. Under the Single Stage, Two Envelope Procedure, Bidders are required to submit simultaneously two separate sealed envelopes, one containing (i) the Technical Bid and the other (ii) the Price Bid, both in turn enclosed in one sealed envelope as per the provision of ITB 21 of the Bidding Document. 3. 4. Eligible Bidders may obtain further information and inspect the Bidding Documents at the office of Division Forest Office Sindhupalchok, Chautara, Sindhupalchok, Chautara , Sindhupalchok, Bagmati Province, Nepal or may visit PPMO e-GP system www.bolpatra.gov.np/egp. 5. If hard-copy is allowed then a complete set of Bidding Documents may be purchased from the office Division Forest Office Sindhupalchok, Chautara, Sindhupalchok, Chautara , Sindhupalchok, Bagmati Province, Nepal by eligible Bidders on the submission of a written application, along with the copy of company/firm registration certificate, and upon payment of a non-refundable fee of 5000.0 NRs. till 30-03-2023 12:00 during office hours. Or Bidder who chooses to submit their bid electronically may purchase the hard copy of the bidding documents as mentioned above or may download the bidding documents for e-submission from PPMO’s e-GP system www. bolpatra.gov.np/egp. Bidders, submitting their bid electronically, should deposit the cost of bidding document in the Project’s Rajaswa (revenue) account as specified below Information to deposit the cost of bidding document in Bank: Name of the Bank: Nepal Bank Ltd. Division Forest Office SindhupalchokName of the Office: 3290127013Office Code no: 27202000001001000001Office Account no: Rajaswa (revenue) Shirshak no: 14229 6. Pre-bid meeting shall be held at Division Forest Office Sindhupalchok Chautara, Sindhupalchok Chautara , Sindhupalchok Bagmati Province Nepal at 19-03-2023 11:00 hours. 7. Sealed or electronic bids must be submitted to the office Division Forest Office Sindhupalchok, Chautara, Sindhupalchok, Chautara , Sindhupalchok, Bagmati Province, Nepal by hand/courier or through PPMO’s e-GP system www.bolpatra.gov.np/egp on or before 30-03-2023 12:00. Bids received after this deadline will be rejected. The bids will be opened in the presence of Bidders' representatives who choose to attend at 30-03-2023 13:00 hours at the office of Division Forest Office Sindhupalchok Chautara, Sindhupalchok Chautara , Sindhupalchok Bagmati Province Nepal. Bids must be valid for a period of 90 days after bid opening and must be accompanied by a bid security or scanned copy of the bid security in pdf format in case of e-bid, amounting to a minimum of NRs. 800000 which shall be valid for 30 days beyond the validity period of the bid. 8. If the last date of purchasing and /or submission falls on a government holiday, then the next working day shall be considered as the last date. In such case the validity period of the bid and bid security shall remain the same as specified for the original last date of bid submission. 9. Evaluation and Qualification Criteria:10. Nationality: Nationality in accordance with ITB Subclause 4.2. Single entity : must meet requirements. In case of joint ventures, each partner: must meet requirement. all partners: must meet requirement. One partner: Not Applicable. Document required: Letter of Technical Bid Forms ELI –1; ELI –2 with attachments. Conflict of Interest: No conflicts of interest in accordance with ITB Sub- Clause 4.3. For Single Entity : Must meet requirement For joint Venture, All partners combined : existing or intended JV must meet requirement. Each partner : Must meet requirement. One partner : Not applicable. Documents Submission Requirements : Letter of Technical Bid. Government/DP Eligibility: Requirement : Not having been declared ineligible by government/DP, as described in ITB Sub-Clause 4.4. Single entity : must meet requirements. In case of joint ventures, each partner : must meet requirement. All partners : must meet requirement. One partner : Not applicable. Documents Required : Letter of Technical Bid. Government-Owned Enterprise: Bidder required to meet conditions of ITB Sub-Clause 4.5. For Single Entity : Must meet requirement For joint Venture , Each partner: Must meet requirement. All combined partner: existing or intended JV must meet requirement. One partner-> Not Applicable. Documents Submission Requirements : Forms ELI - 1, ELI - 2, with attachments United Nations Eligibility: Not having been declared ineligible based on a United Nations resolution or Employer's country law, as described in ITB Sub-Clause 4.8. For Single Entity : Must meet requirement For joint Venture, All combined partner : existing or intended JV must meet requirement. Each partner : must meet requirement. One partner -> not applicable. Documents Submission Requirements : Letter of Technical Bid. Bidder’s Running Contracts: Bidder's Running Contracts not more than five (5) as described in ITB Sub-Clause 4.9. For Single Entity : Must meet requirement For joint Venture, Each partner: Must meet requirement For all partner combined: Existing or intended JV must meet requirement For One Partner: Not Applicable Documents Submission Requirements : ELI-3 Other Eligibility : Firm Registration Certificate: Firm Registration Certificate For Single Entity : Must meet requirement For joint Venture, Each partner : must meet requirement. For all partner combined and one partner : not applicable. Documents Submission Requirements : Document attachment. Other Eligibility : Business Registration Certificate: Business Registration Certificate For Single Entity : Must meet requirement For joint Venture, Each partner : must meet requirement. For all partner combined and one partner : not applicable. Documents Submission Requirements : Document attachment. Other Eligibility : VAT and PAN Registration: VAT and PAN Registration(only for domestic bidders) For Single Entity : Must meet requirement For joint Venture, Each partner : must meet requirement. For all partner combined and one partner : not applicable. Documents Submission Requirements : Document attachment. Other Eligibility : Tax Clearance Certificate/Tax return submission evidence/evidence of time extension for the F/Y 2078/79 (Only for domestic bidders) : Tax Clearance Certificate/Tax return submission evidence/evidence of time extension for the F/Y 2078/79 (Only for domestic bidders) For Single Entity : Must meet requirement For joint Venture, Each partner: must meet requirement. For all partner combined and one partner : not applicable. Documents Submission Requirements : Document attachment. Pending Litigation and Arbitration: All pending litigation shall be treated as resolved against the Bidder and so shall in total not represent more than fifty (50) percent of the Bidder's net worth. Note: (1) The percentage should normally be within the range of 50% to 100% of the Bidder's net worth. For Single Entity : must meet requirement by itself or as partner to past or existing JV For joint Venture :Each partner must meet requirement by itself or as partner to past or existing JV. All partner combined and one partner -> not applicable. Documents Submission Requirements : Form LIT - 1 General Construction Experience: Experience under construction contracts in the role of contractor, subcontractor, or management contractor for at least the last Three(3) years prior to the applications submission deadline. Note: (1)Insert number of years in words and figures. The time period is normally 5 years, but may be reduced to not less than 3 years, according to the nature of works. Contracts of Similar Size and Nature (i) For Works with value up to NRs. 50 million: Participation as Prime contractor, management contractor, or subcontractor, in at least One (1) Contract of RCC Building within the last ten (10) years, with a value of at least NRs 1,00,00,000 (One Crore Only) that have been successfully or are substantially completed and that are similar to the proposed works. The similarity shall be based on the physical size, complexity, methods, technology or other characteristics as described in Section VI, Works Requirements. For Single Entity : Must meet requirement For joint Venture, For all partner combined: Not Applicable Each partner: Not Applicable For One Partner: Must meet requirement Documents Submission Requirements : Form EXP – 2(a) Construction Experience in Key Activities: For the above or other contracts executed during the period stipulated in 2.4.2(a) above, a minimum construction experience in the following key activities : 1. RCC M20 (1:1.5:3)- 120 cum, or 24 cum/month 2. Brick Masonry - 130 cum 3. Reinforcement - 14000 Kg or 3000 kg/month [list activities indicating number or rate of production as applicable; for the key activity (ies) in the subject contract. The rates should be about 80% of the estimated production rates of the key activity(ies) in the subject contract as needed to meet the expected construction schedule with due allowance for adverse climatic conditions.] For Single Entity : Must meet all requirements For joint Venture, For all partner combined: Must meet all requirements Each partner: Not applicable For One Partner: Not applicable Documents Submission Requirements : Form EXP – 2(b) Historical Financial Performance: Submission of audited balance sheets and income statements, for the last three(3) years to demonstrate the current soundness of the Bidder's financial position. As a minimum, a Bidder's net worth for the last year calculated as the difference between total assets and total liabilities should be positive. Note: (1) The financial information provided by a Bidder should be reviewed in its entirety to allow a truly informed judgment, and the pass-fail decision on the financial position of the Bidder should be given on this basis. Balance sheet of the past three to five years period which shall be decided according to the nature of the work. For Single Entity : Must meet requirement For joint Venture : Each partner Must meet requirement. All partner combined and one partner -> not applicable. Documents Submission Requirements : Form FIN - 1 with attachments Average Annual Construction Turnover: Minimum Average Annual Construction Turnover of the best 3 years within the last 10 years: Nrs. 3,00,00,000.00 (NRs. Three Crore Only) Financial Resources: Using Forms FIN - 3 and FIN - 4 in Section IV (Bidding Forms) the Bidder must demonstrate access to, or availability of, financial resources such as liquid assets[ Liquid Assets mean cash and cash equivalents, short- term financial instruments, short term available-for-sale-securities, marketable securities, trade receivables, short- term financing receivables and other assets that can be converted into cash within ONE YEAR.], unencumbered real assets, and other financial resources, (other than any contractual advance payments) to meet the cash-flow requirement of NRs. 80,00,000.00 (Eighty Lakh Only) Note: For Single Entity : Must meet requirement For joint Venture : Each partner Must meet 25% of the requirement All partner combined: Must meet the requirement One partner -> must meet 40% of the requirement Documents Submission Requirements : Form FIN - 3 Required Bid Capacity: The bidding capacity of the bidder should be equal to or more than the NRs 2,50,00,000 (Two Crore and Fifty Lakh Only) For Single Entity : Must meet requirement For joint Venture : All combined partner: Must meet requirements, Each partner Must meet 25% of the requirement, One partner: Must meet 40% of the requirement Documents Submission Requirements : Form FIN - 4 and Form FIN - 5 Note: (8) The amount stated should be 80 % to 100 % of Engineer’s Estimate (without VAT and Contingencies but

Bidding Open Jamuwartole Biddut Karyalaya Bargadwa Kalopatre Sadak Maramat

Kapilvastu Municipality, Office of Municipal Executive Works NCB 28-02-2023 10:00 02-04-2023 12:00 33 days file:///C:/Users/DELL/Downloads/BID%20DOCUMENT.pdf