Difference Between Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveying

 

Difference Between Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveying (With Numerical Values)

Definition (1 mark)

• Plane Surveying: A type of surveying in which the earth’s surface is assumed to be flat (plane surface) and curvature is ignored.
• Geodetic Surveying: A type of surveying in which the curvature of the earth is considered and high precision measurements are taken over large areas.

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Differences Between Plane and Geodetic Surveying (4–5 marks)

Basis	Plane Surveying	Geodetic Surveying
Earth assumption	Earth is assumed flat	Earth is considered spherical/ellipsoidal
Area covered	Small areas (generally < 250 km²)	Large areas (generally > 250 km²)
Accuracy	Moderate accuracy	Very high accuracy
Curvature of earth	Ignored	Considered in calculations
Lines	Straight lines are assumed	Curved lines (geodesics) are used
Level lines	Parallel lines assumed	Converging lines considered
Use of instruments	Simple instruments like chain, tape, compass	Precise instruments like theodolite, EDM, GPS
Error handling	Errors are small and often ignored	Errors are carefully computed and adjusted
Cost & time	Less expensive and faster	More expensive and time-consuming
Purpose	Local projects, building, roads	National mapping, large engineering projects

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Numerical/Scale Concept (Important Point)

• In plane surveying, curvature effect is negligible when area is less than about 250 km² (radius of curvature error is very small).
• In geodetic surveying, used for areas greater than 250 km², where earth curvature introduces significant error if ignored.

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Conclusion (1 mark)

Plane surveying is suitable for small-scale, low-precision work, while geodetic surveying is used for large-scale, high-precision mapping where earth curvature must be considered.

What are the harmfull ingredient in brick earth ? what are the qualities of brick earth

What are the harmfull ingredient in brick earth ? what are the qualities of brick earth.

Harmful Ingredients in Brick Earth

Harmful Materials (2 marks)

• Lime (in excess/lumps): Causes cracking and disintegration after burning.
• Alkalis: Lead to efflorescence and white patches on brick surface.
• Organic matter: Reduces strength and durability of bricks.
• Pebbles and gravel: Create weak spots and affect uniformity.
• Iron pyrites: Causes cracks and staining in bricks.

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Qualities of Good Brick Earth

Requirements (3 marks)

• Proper proportion of constituents: Balanced amount of alumina, silica, lime, and iron oxide.
• Plasticity: Should be easily moldable into desired shape.
• Free from impurities: Should not contain harmful materials like alkalis and organic matter.
• Good binding property: Particles should stick together properly.
• Uniform texture: Should be fine and homogeneous.
• Suitable shrinkage: Should not shrink, crack, or warp excessively during drying and burning.

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Conclusion (1 mark)

Good brick earth should be pure, plastic, and well-balanced in composition, ensuring strong and durable bricks.

What do you mean by paints and varnishes ? what is the purpose of it

What do you mean by paints and varnishes ? what is the purpose of it

Paints and Varnishes

Definition (2 marks)

• Paint: A liquid mixture of pigments, binder, solvent, and additives applied on surfaces to protect and decorate them by forming an opaque film.
• Varnish: A transparent protective coating made of resin, solvent, and drying oil that forms a clear, glossy film without hiding the surface texture (mainly used on wood).

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Purpose of Paints and Varnishes (3 marks)

• Protection: Protects surfaces from weathering, moisture, corrosion, and decay.
• Decoration: Improves appearance and aesthetic value of buildings.
• Durability: Increases the life of surfaces by preventing damage.
• Hygiene: Provides smooth surface which is easy to clean, suitable for buildings.
• Resistance: Offers resistance against chemicals, insects, and fungi (especially varnish for wood).

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Conclusion (1 mark)

Paints and varnishes are essential in construction for protection, durability, and aesthetic improvement of surfaces.

Define and sketch how bricks are laid in flesh bond ?5 marks

Flemish Bond and Its Brick Laying

Definition (1 mark)

Flemish bond is a type of brick bond in which headers and stretchers are laid alternately in the same course, and each header is placed centrally over the stretcher below.

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Sketch (2 marks)

(Showing alternate headers and stretchers in each course)

Course 2:   H   S   H   S   H   S
            S   H   S   H   S   H
Course 1:   S   H   S   H   S   H

H = Header
S = Stretcher

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Brick Laying Description (1 mark)

• Bricks are arranged with alternate header and stretcher in the same row
• Vertical joints are staggered properly
• A queen closer is used next to the quoin header to maintain bond
• Proper alignment, level, and mortar joints are maintained

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Conclusion (1 mark)

Flemish bond provides better appearance but is weaker than English bond, so it is used where aesthetic appearance is important.

What are the common types of brick laying used in our country briefly explain the process of any type of brick laying ? 5 marks

What are the common types of brick laying used in our country briefly explain the process of any type of brick laying ? 5 marks

Common Types of Brick Laying in Nepal (Brick Bonds)

Types (3 marks)

• Stretcher Bond: Bricks are laid with the long face visible; used for partition (half-brick) walls.
• Header Bond: Bricks are laid with the short face visible; suitable for thick and curved walls.
• English Bond: Alternate courses of headers and stretchers; strongest and most commonly used in Nepal.
• Flemish Bond: Headers and stretchers are alternated in the same course; provides better appearance.

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Process of Brick Laying (Example: English Bond)

Steps (1 mark)

• Preparation: Bricks are soaked in water and mortar is prepared.
• Setting Out: Wall alignment, level, and position are marked using string.
• First Course: Header course is laid on mortar bed maintaining line and level.
• Laying Courses: Alternate header and stretcher courses are laid with proper bonding.
• Mortar & Joints: About 10 mm mortar is applied; vertical joints are filled.
• Checking: Line, level, and plumb are checked regularly.
• Curing: Brickwork is cured for at least 7 days.

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Conclusion (1 mark)

Brick bonds like English bond are widely used in Nepal due to their strength, durability, and suitability for load-bearing structures.

Materials used in construction industry

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1. Methods of Seasoning of Timber

Definition

Seasoning is the process of removing moisture from timber to improve strength and durability.

Methods

• Natural Seasoning: Air seasoning, water seasoning (cheap but slow)
• Artificial Seasoning: Kiln, steam, chemical (fast and better quality)

Conclusion

Improves strength, durability, and resistance to decay.

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2. Factors for Selection of Wood

Factors

• Strength
• Durability
• Moisture content
• Grain structure
• Workability
• Appearance
• Cost and availability

Conclusion

Ensures safe, durable, and economical construction.

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3. Advantages & Disadvantages of Brick over Stone

Advantages

• Light weight
• Uniform size
• Fire resistant
• Easy to work
• Economical

Disadvantages

• Less strength
• Less durability
• More water absorption
• Not suitable for heavy loads

Conclusion

Bricks are economical, stones are stronger.

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4. Tests for Bricks

Tests

• Compressive strength test
• Water absorption test
• Efflorescence test
• Hardness test
• Soundness test

Conclusion

Ensures quality and durability of bricks.

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5. Random Rubble Stone Masonry

Merits

• Economical
• Less skilled labor
• Good for foundations
• Natural look

Demerits

• Irregular appearance
• More mortar required
• Less strength than ashlar
• Difficult alignment

Conclusion

Suitable for simple and low-cost works.

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6. Paint, Varnish & Tests of Bitumen

Paint

Opaque coating for protection and decoration

Varnish

Transparent coating for wood protection

Tests of Bitumen

• Penetration
• Ductility
• Softening point
• Viscosity
• Flash & fire point
• Specific gravity

Conclusion

Used for protection, finishing, and road quality control.

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7. Admixtures in Concrete

Reasons

• Improve workability
• Increase strength
• Control setting time
• Reduce water content
• Increase durability

Classification

• Plasticizers
• Superplasticizers
• Accelerators
• Retarders
• Air-entraining
• Pozzolanic

Conclusion

Enhances performance and durability of concrete.

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8. Raw Materials of Cement & Soundness

Raw Materials

• Calcareous (limestone)
• Argillaceous (clay)
• Corrective materials

Soundness

Ability to retain volume without cracking after setting
(Test: Le Chatelier)

Conclusion

Ensures quality and stability of cement.

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9. Hollow Brick & Its Advantages (Nepal Context)

Definition

Brick with voids (>25%) inside.

Advantages

• Light weight (earthquake safety)
• Thermal insulation
• Sound insulation
• Economical
• Fast construction
• Eco-friendly

Conclusion

Best for Nepal due to earthquake resistance and energy efficiency.