1. Methods of Seasoning of Timber
Definition
Seasoning is the process of removing moisture from timber to improve strength and durability.
Methods
- Natural Seasoning: Air seasoning, water seasoning (cheap but slow)
- Artificial Seasoning: Kiln, steam, chemical (fast and better quality)
Conclusion
Improves strength, durability, and resistance to decay.
2. Factors for Selection of Wood
Factors
- Strength
- Durability
- Moisture content
- Grain structure
- Workability
- Appearance
- Cost and availability
Conclusion
Ensures safe, durable, and economical construction.
3. Advantages & Disadvantages of Brick over Stone
Advantages
- Light weight
- Uniform size
- Fire resistant
- Easy to work
- Economical
Disadvantages
- Less strength
- Less durability
- More water absorption
- Not suitable for heavy loads
Conclusion
Bricks are economical, stones are stronger.
4. Tests for Bricks
Tests
- Compressive strength test
- Water absorption test
- Efflorescence test
- Hardness test
- Soundness test
Conclusion
Ensures quality and durability of bricks.
5. Random Rubble Stone Masonry
Merits
- Economical
- Less skilled labor
- Good for foundations
- Natural look
Demerits
- Irregular appearance
- More mortar required
- Less strength than ashlar
- Difficult alignment
Conclusion
Suitable for simple and low-cost works.
6. Paint, Varnish & Tests of Bitumen
Paint
Opaque coating for protection and decoration
Varnish
Transparent coating for wood protection
Tests of Bitumen
- Penetration
- Ductility
- Softening point
- Viscosity
- Flash & fire point
- Specific gravity
Conclusion
Used for protection, finishing, and road quality control.
7. Admixtures in Concrete
Reasons
- Improve workability
- Increase strength
- Control setting time
- Reduce water content
- Increase durability
Classification
- Plasticizers
- Superplasticizers
- Accelerators
- Retarders
- Air-entraining
- Pozzolanic
Conclusion
Enhances performance and durability of concrete.
8. Raw Materials of Cement & Soundness
Raw Materials
- Calcareous (limestone)
- Argillaceous (clay)
- Corrective materials
Soundness
Ability to retain volume without cracking after setting
(Test: Le Chatelier)
Conclusion
Ensures quality and stability of cement.
9. Hollow Brick & Its Advantages (Nepal Context)
Definition
Brick with voids (>25%) inside.
Advantages
- Light weight (earthquake safety)
- Thermal insulation
- Sound insulation
- Economical
- Fast construction
- Eco-friendly
Conclusion
Best for Nepal due to earthquake resistance and energy efficiency.
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