General Classification of Surveys

Definition (1 mark)

Surveying is the science and art of determining the relative positions of points on, above, or below the earth’s surface and representing them on a plan or map.

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General Classification of Surveys (3–4 marks)

Surveys are generally classified based on different criteria as follows:

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1. Based on Nature of Earth Surface

• Plane Surveying:

  • Earth surface is assumed flat.
  • Used for small areas (generally < 250 km²).

• Geodetic Surveying:

  • Earth curvature is considered.
  • Used for large areas and high precision work.

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2. Based on Purpose

• Topographic Survey: To determine natural and artificial features of land.
• Cadastral Survey: For property boundaries and land ownership.
• Engineering Survey: For construction projects like roads, bridges, dams.
• Military Survey: For defense planning and operations.
• Geological Survey: To study soil, rocks, and earth structure.

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3. Based on Instrument Used

• Chain surveying
• Compass surveying
• Theodolite surveying
• Plane table surveying
• GPS surveying

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4. Based on Method of Measurement

• Triangulation Survey: Based on triangles.
• Traversing Survey: Based on connected lines forming a network.

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Conclusion (1 mark)

Surveys are classified in different ways depending on area, purpose, instruments, and method, helping surveyors choose the appropriate technique for specific field conditions and requirements.